References for the fact sheet on Vitamin A and Carotenoids

1. Ross AC. Vitamin A and Retinoids. In: Shils ME, Olson J, Shike M, Ross AC, ed. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.

2. Rock CL. Carotenoids: biology and treatment. Pharmacol Ther 1997;75:185-97.

3. de Pee S, West CE. Dietary carotenoids and their role in combating vitamin A deficiency: A review of the literature. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996;50 Suppl 3:S38-53.

4. Gerster H. Vitamin A-functions, dietary requirements and safety in humans. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1997;67:71-90.

5. Futoryan T and Gilchrest BE. Retinoids and the skin. Nutr Rev 1994;52:299-310.

6. Hinds TS, West WL, Knight EM. Carotenoids and retinoids: A review of research, clinical, and public health applications. J Clin Pharmacol 1997;37:551-8.

7. Ross AC and Gardner EM. The function of vitamin A in cellular growth and differentiaion, and its roles during pregnancy and lactation. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994;352:187-200.

8. Stephens D, Jackson PL, Gutierrez Y. Subclinical vitamin A deficiency: A potentially unrecognized problem in the United States. Pediatr Nurs 1996;22:377-89, 456.

9. Semba RD. The role of vitamin A and related retinoids in immune function. Nutr Rev 1998;56:S38-48.

10. Ross DA. Vitamin A and public health: Challenges for the next decade. Proc Nutr Soc 1998;57:159-65.

11. Harbige LS. Nutrition and immunity with emphasis on infection and autoimmune disease. Nutr Health 1996;10:285-312.

12. Ross AC and Stephensen CB. Vitamin A and retinoids in antiviral responses. Faseb J 1996;10:979-85.

13. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamin C, vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000.

14. Olson JA and Kobayashi S. Antioxidants in health and disease: Overview. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1992;200:245-7.

15. Olson JA. Benefits and liabilities of vitamin A and carotenoids. J Nutr 1996;126:1208S-12S.

16. Pavia SA and Russell RM. Beta-carotene and other carotenoids as antioxidants. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18:426-33.

17. Guthrie HA and Picciano MF. Human Nutrition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1995.

18. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1999. USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 13. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page, http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR13/sr13.html

19. Olson JA. Hypovitaminosis A: Contemporary scientific issues. J Nutr 1994;124:1461S-1466S.

20. van den Berg H. Vitamin A intake and status. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996;50 Suppl 3:S7-12.

21. National Research Council, Food and Nutrition Board. Recommended Dietary Allowances. 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.

22. Alaimo K, McDowell, M.A., Briefel, R.R, Bischlf, A.M, Caughman, C.R, Loria, C.M, Johnson, C.L. Dietary Intake of Vitamins, Minerals, and Fiber of Persons Ages 2 Months and Over in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1988-91. In: Johnson GV, ed. . Hyattsville, MD: Vital and Health Statistics of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention/National Center for Health Statistics, 1994:1-28.

23. Interagency Board for Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research. Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995.

24. Sommer A. Nutritional Blindness: Xeropthalmia and Keratomalacia. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.

25. Ross AC. Vitamin A status: Relationship to immunity and the antibody. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1992;200:303-320.

26. Butler JC, Havens PL, Sowell AL, Huff DL, Peterson DE, Day SE, Chusid MJ, Benning RA, Circo R, and Davis JP. Measles severity and serum retinol (vitamin A) concentration among children in the United States. Pediatrics 1993;91:1176-1181.

27. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Vitamin A treatment of measles. Pediatrics 1993;91:1014-15.

28. Fontham ETH. Protective dietary factors and lung cancer. Int J Epidemiol 1990;19:S32-S42.

29. Koo LC. Diet and lung cancer 20 years later: more questions than answers? Int J Cancer 1997;Suppl 10:22-9.

30. Rock CL, Jacob RA, Bowen PE. Update on the biological characteristics of the antioxidant micronutrients: Vitamin C, vitamin E, and the carotenoids. J Am Diet Assoc 1996;96:693-702.

31. Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Edwards BK, Rautalahti M, Hartman AM, Palmgren J, Freedman LS, Haapakoski J, Barrett MJ, Pietinen P, Malila N, Tala E, Lippo K, Salomaa ER, Tangrea JA, Teppo L, Askin FB, Taskinen E, Erozan Y, Greenwald P, Huttunen JK. Alpha-Tocopherol and beta-carotene supplement and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: Effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1560-70.

32. Redlich CA, Blaner WS, Van Bennekum AM, Chung JS, Clever SL, Holm CT, Cullen MR. Effect of supplementation with beta-carotene and vitamin A on lung nutrient levels. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998;7:211-214.

33. Bendich A and Langseth L. Safety of vitamin A. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:358-371.

34. Udall JN, Greene HL. Vitamin update. Pediatrics in Review 1992;13:185-194.

35. Underwood BA. Teratogenicity of vitamin A. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl 1989;30:42-55.

36. Orafanos CE, Zouboulis CC, Almond-Roesler, B, Geilen, CC. Current use and future potential role of retinoids in dermatology. Drugs 1997;53:358-388.

37. Meigel WN. How safe is oral isotretinoin? Dermatology 1997;195:22-28, 38-40.

38. Hathcock JN. Vitamin and Mineral Safety. Washington, DC: Council for Responsible Nutrition, 1997:26-27.

39. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, LaMotte F, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM, Willett W. Peto R. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasma and cardiovascular disease. N Eng J Med. 1996;334: 145-1149.

40. Blot WJ, Li J-Y, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey S, Wang G-Q, Yang CS, Zheng S-F, Gail M, Li G-Y, Yu Y, Liu B-Q, Tangrea J, Sun Y-H, Liu F, Fraumeni JF, Zhang Y-H, Li B. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1483-1492.

41. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2000. http://www.health.gov/DietaryGuidelines/